还不会Elasticsearch?看这些知识入门刚刚好

liuian 2025-07-08 20:07 45 浏览

作者：MacroZheng 链接：
https://juejin.im/post/5e8c7d65518825736512d097

记得刚接触Elasticsearch的时候，没找啥资料，直接看了遍Elasticsearch的中文官方文档，中文文档很久没更新了，一直都是2.3的版本。最近又重新看了遍6.0的官方文档，由于官方文档介绍的内容比较多，每次看都很费力，所以这次整理了其中最常用部分，写下了这篇入门教程，希望对大家有所帮助。

简介

Elasticsearch是一个基于Lucene的搜索服务器。它提供了一个分布式的全文搜索引擎，基于restful web接口。Elasticsearch是用Java语言开发的，基于Apache协议的开源项目，是目前最受欢迎的企业搜索引擎。Elasticsearch广泛运用于云计算中，能够达到实时搜索，具有稳定，可靠，快速的特点。

安装

Windows下的安装

Elasticsearch

下载Elasticsearch 6.2.2的zip包，并解压到指定目录，下载地址：www.elastic.co/cn/download…

安装中文分词插件，在elasticsearch-6.2.2\bin目录下执行以下命令；

elasticsearch-plugin install https://github.com/medcl/elasticsearch-analysis-ik/releases/download/v6.2.2/elasticsearch-analysis-ik-6.2.2.zip
复制代码

运行bin目录下的elasticsearch.bat启动Elasticsearch；

Kibana

下载Kibana,作为访问Elasticsearch的客户端，请下载6.2.2版本的zip包，并解压到指定目录，下载地址：artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/k…

运行bin目录下的kibana.bat，启动Kibana的用户界面

访问http://localhost:5601 即可打开Kibana的用户界面：

Linux下的安装

Elasticsearch

下载elasticsearch 6.4.0的docker镜像；

docker pull elasticsearch:6.4.0

修改虚拟内存区域大小，否则会因为过小而无法启动；

sysctl -w vm.max_map_count=262144

使用docker命令启动；

docker run -p 9200:9200 -p 9300:9300 --name elasticsearch \
-e "discovery.type=single-node" \
-e "cluster.name=elasticsearch" \
-v /mydata/elasticsearch/plugins:/usr/share/elasticsearch/plugins \
-v /mydata/elasticsearch/data:/usr/share/elasticsearch/data \
-d elasticsearch:6.4.0

启动时会发现/usr/share/elasticsearch/data目录没有访问权限，只需要修改该目录的权限，再重新启动即可；

chmod 777 /mydata/elasticsearch/data/

安装中文分词器IKAnalyzer，并重新启动；

docker exec -it elasticsearch /bin/bash
#此命令需要在容器中运行
elasticsearch-plugin install https://github.com/medcl/elasticsearch-analysis-ik/releases/download/v6.4.0/elasticsearch-analysis-ik-6.4.0.zip
docker restart elasticsearch

访问会返回版本信息：http://192.168.3.101:9200/

Kibina

下载kibana 6.4.0的docker镜像；

docker pull kibana:6.4.0

使用docker命令启动；

docker run --name kibana -p 5601:5601 \
--link elasticsearch:es \
-e "elasticsearch.hosts=http://es:9200" \
-d kibana:6.4.0

访问地址进行测试：http://192.168.3.101:5601

集群状态查看

查看集群健康状态；

GET /_cat/health?v

epoch      timestamp cluster       status node.total node.data shards pri relo init unassign pending_tasks max_task_wait_time active_shards_percent
1585552862 15:21:02  elasticsearch yellow          1         1     27  27    0    0       25             0                  -                 51.9

查看节点状态；

GET /_cat/nodes?v

ip        heap.percent ram.percent cpu load_1m load_5m load_15m node.role master name
127.0.0.1           23          94  28                          mdi       *      KFFjkpV

查看所有索引信息；

GET /_cat/indices?v

health status index    uuid                   pri rep docs.count docs.deleted store.size pri.store.size
green  open   pms      xlU0BjEoTrujDgeL6ENMPw   1   0         41            0     30.5kb         30.5kb
green  open   .kibana  ljKQtJdwT9CnLrxbujdfWg   1   0          2            1     10.7kb         10.7kb

索引操作

创建索引并查看；

PUT /customer
GET /_cat/indices?v

health status index    uuid                   pri rep docs.count docs.deleted store.size pri.store.size
yellow open   customer 9uPjf94gSq-SJS6eOuJrHQ   5   1          0            0       460b           460b
green  open   pms      xlU0BjEoTrujDgeL6ENMPw   1   0         41            0     30.5kb         30.5kb
green  open   .kibana  ljKQtJdwT9CnLrxbujdfWg   1   0          2            1     10.7kb         10.7kb

删除索引并查看；

DELETE /customer
GET /_cat/indices?v

health status index    uuid                   pri rep docs.count docs.deleted store.size pri.store.size
green  open   pms      xlU0BjEoTrujDgeL6ENMPw   1   0         41            0     30.5kb         30.5kb
green  open   .kibana  ljKQtJdwT9CnLrxbujdfWg   1   0          2            1     10.7kb         10.7kb

类型操作

查看文档的类型；

GET /bank/account/_mapping

{
  "bank": {
    "mappings": {
      "account": {
        "properties": {
          "account_number": {
            "type": "long"
          },
          "address": {
            "type": "text",
            "fields": {
              "keyword": {
                "type": "keyword",
                "ignore_above": 256
              }
            }
          },
          "age": {
            "type": "long"
          },
          "balance": {
            "type": "long"
          },
          "city": {
            "type": "text",
            "fields": {
              "keyword": {
                "type": "keyword",
                "ignore_above": 256
              }
            }
          },
          "email": {
            "type": "text",
            "fields": {
              "keyword": {
                "type": "keyword",
                "ignore_above": 256
              }
            }
          },
          "employer": {
            "type": "text",
            "fields": {
              "keyword": {
                "type": "keyword",
                "ignore_above": 256
              }
            }
          },
          "firstname": {
            "type": "text",
            "fields": {
              "keyword": {
                "type": "keyword",
                "ignore_above": 256
              }
            }
          },
          "gender": {
            "type": "text",
            "fields": {
              "keyword": {
                "type": "keyword",
                "ignore_above": 256
              }
            }
          },
          "lastname": {
            "type": "text",
            "fields": {
              "keyword": {
                "type": "keyword",
                "ignore_above": 256
              }
            }
          },
          "state": {
            "type": "text",
            "fields": {
              "keyword": {
                "type": "keyword",
                "ignore_above": 256
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

文档操作

在索引中添加文档；

PUT /customer/doc/1
{
  "name": "John Doe"
}

{
  "_index": "customer",
  "_type": "doc",
  "_id": "1",
  "_version": 1,
  "result": "created",
  "_shards": {
    "total": 2,
    "successful": 1,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "_seq_no": 3,
  "_primary_term": 1
}

查看索引中的文档；

GET /customer/doc/1

{
  "_index": "customer",
  "_type": "doc",
  "_id": "1",
  "_version": 2,
  "found": true,
  "_source": {
    "name": "John Doe"
  }
}

修改索引中的文档：

POST /customer/doc/1/_update
{
  "doc": { "name": "Jane Doe" }
}

{
  "_index": "customer",
  "_type": "doc",
  "_id": "1",
  "_version": 2,
  "result": "updated",
  "_shards": {
    "total": 2,
    "successful": 1,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "_seq_no": 4,
  "_primary_term": 1
}

删除索引中的文档；

DELETE /customer/doc/1

{
  "_index": "customer",
  "_type": "doc",
  "_id": "1",
  "_version": 3,
  "result": "deleted",
  "_shards": {
    "total": 2,
    "successful": 1,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "_seq_no": 2,
  "_primary_term": 1

对索引中的文档执行批量操作；

POST /customer/doc/_bulk
{"index":{"_id":"1"}}
{"name": "John Doe" }
{"index":{"_id":"2"}}
{"name": "Jane Doe" }

{
  "took": 45,
  "errors": false,
  "items": [
    {
      "index": {
        "_index": "customer",
        "_type": "doc",
        "_id": "1",
        "_version": 3,
        "result": "updated",
        "_shards": {
          "total": 2,
          "successful": 1,
          "failed": 0
        },
        "_seq_no": 5,
        "_primary_term": 1,
        "status": 200
      }
    },
    {
      "index": {
        "_index": "customer",
        "_type": "doc",
        "_id": "2",
        "_version": 1,
        "result": "created",
        "_shards": {
          "total": 2,
          "successful": 1,
          "failed": 0
        },
        "_seq_no": 0,
        "_primary_term": 1,
        "status": 201
      }
    }
  ]
}

数据搜索

查询表达式(Query DSL)是一种非常灵活又富有表现力的查询语言，Elasticsearch使用它可以以简单的JSON接口来实现丰富的搜索功能，下面的搜索操作都将使用它。

数据准备

首先我们需要导入一定量的数据用于搜索，使用的是银行账户表的例子，数据结构如下：

{
    "account_number": 0,
    "balance": 16623,
    "firstname": "Bradshaw",
    "lastname": "Mckenzie",
    "age": 29,
    "gender": "F",
    "address": "244 Columbus Place",
    "employer": "Euron",
    "email": "bradshawmckenzie@euron.com",
    "city": "Hobucken",
    "state": "CO"
}

我们先复制下需要导入的数据，数据地址： github.com/macrozheng/…
然后直接使用批量操作来导入数据，注意本文所有操作都在Kibana的Dev Tools中进行；

POST /bank/account/_bulk
{
  "index": {
    "_id": "1"
  }
}
{
  "account_number": 1,
  "balance": 39225,
  "firstname": "Amber",
  "lastname": "Duke",
  "age": 32,
  "gender": "M",
  "address": "880 Holmes Lane",
  "employer": "Pyrami",
  "email": "amberduke@pyrami.com",
  "city": "Brogan",
  "state": "IL"
}
......省略若干条数据

导入完成后查看索引信息，可以发现bank索引中已经创建了1000条文档。

GET /_cat/indices?v

health status index    uuid                   pri rep docs.count docs.deleted store.size pri.store.size
yellow open   bank     HFjxDLNLRA-NATPKUQgjBw   5   1       1000            0    474.6kb        474.6kb

搜索入门

最简单的搜索，使用match_all来表示，例如搜索全部；

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": { "match_all": {} }
}

分页搜索，from表示偏移量，从0开始，size表示每页显示的数量；

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": { "match_all": {} },
  "from": 0,
  "size": 10
}

搜索排序，使用sort表示，例如按balance字段降序排列；

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": { "match_all": {} },
  "sort": { "balance": { "order": "desc" } }
}

搜索并返回指定字段内容，使用_source表示，例如只返回account_number和balance两个字段内容：

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": { "match_all": {} },
  "_source": ["account_number", "balance"]
}

条件搜索

条件搜索，使用match表示匹配条件，例如搜索出account_number为20的文档：

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "account_number": 20
    }
  }
}

文本类型字段的条件搜索，例如搜索address字段中包含mill的文档，对比上一条搜索可以发现，对于数值类型match操作使用的是精确匹配，对于文本类型使用的是模糊匹配；

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "address": "mill"
    }
  },
  "_source": [
    "address",
    "account_number"
  ]
}

短语匹配搜索，使用match_phrase表示，例如搜索address字段中同时包含mill和lane的文档：

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_phrase": {
      "address": "mill lane"
    }
  }
}

组合搜索

组合搜索，使用bool来进行组合，must表示同时满足，例如搜索address字段中同时包含mill和lane的文档；

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        { "match": { "address": "mill" } },
        { "match": { "address": "lane" } }
      ]
    }
  }
}

组合搜索，should表示满足其中任意一个，搜索address字段中包含mill或者lane的文档；

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "should": [
        { "match": { "address": "mill" } },
        { "match": { "address": "lane" } }
      ]
    }
  }
}

组合搜索，must_not表示同时不满足，例如搜索address字段中不包含mill且不包含lane的文档；

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must_not": [
        { "match": { "address": "mill" } },
        { "match": { "address": "lane" } }
      ]
    }
  }
}

组合搜索，组合must和must_not，例如搜索age字段等于40且state字段不包含ID的文档；

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        { "match": { "age": "40" } }
      ],
      "must_not": [
        { "match": { "state": "ID" } }
      ]
    }
  }
}

过滤搜索

搜索过滤，使用filter来表示，例如过滤出balance字段在20000~30000的文档；

GET /bank/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": { "match_all": {} },
      "filter": {
        "range": {
          "balance": {
            "gte": 20000,
            "lte": 30000
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

搜索聚合

对搜索结果进行聚合，使用aggs来表示，类似于MySql中的group by，例如对state字段进行聚合，统计出相同state的文档数量；

GET /bank/_search
{
  "size": 0,
  "aggs": {
    "group_by_state": {
      "terms": {
        "field": "state.keyword"
      }
    }
  }
}

嵌套聚合，例如对state字段进行聚合，统计出相同state的文档数量，再统计出balance的平均值；

GET /bank/_search
{
  "size": 0,
  "aggs": {
    "group_by_state": {
      "terms": {
        "field": "state.keyword"
      },
      "aggs": {
        "average_balance": {
          "avg": {
            "field": "balance"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

对聚合搜索的结果进行排序，例如按balance的平均值降序排列；

GET /bank/_search
{
  "size": 0,
  "aggs": {
    "group_by_state": {
      "terms": {
        "field": "state.keyword",
        "order": {
          "average_balance": "desc"
        }
      },
      "aggs": {
        "average_balance": {
          "avg": {
            "field": "balance"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

按字段值的范围进行分段聚合，例如分段范围为age字段的[20,30] [30,40] [40,50]，之后按gender统计文档个数和balance的平均值；

GET /bank/_search
{
  "size": 0,
  "aggs": {
    "group_by_age": {
      "range": {
        "field": "age",
        "ranges": [
          {
            "from": 20,
            "to": 30
          },
          {
            "from": 30,
            "to": 40
          },
          {
            "from": 40,
            "to": 50
          }
        ]
      },
      "aggs": {
        "group_by_gender": {
          "terms": {
            "field": "gender.keyword"
          },
          "aggs": {
            "average_balance": {
              "avg": {
                "field": "balance"
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}