从零开始学Python——使用Selenium抓取动态网页数据

liuian 2025-07-03 17:04 36 浏览

1.selenium抓取动态网页数据基础介绍

1.1 什么是AJAX

　　AJAX（Asynchronouse JavaScript And XML：异步JavaScript和XML）通过在后台与服务器进行少量数据交换，Ajax 可以使网页实现异步更新，这意味着可以在不重新加载整个网页的情况下，对网页的某部分进行局部更新。传统的网页（不使用Ajax）如果需要更新内容，必须重载整个网页页面。

　　因为传统的网页在传输数据格式方面，使用的是XML语法，因此叫做AJAX，其实现在数据交互基本上都是使用JSON。使用AJAX加载的数据，即使使用了JS将数据渲染到了浏览器中，在右键->查看网页源代码还是不能看到通过ajax加载的数据，只能看到使用这个url加载的html代码。

1.2 获取ajax数据的方式

　　法1：直接分析ajax调用的接口。然后通过代码请求这个接口。

　　法2：使用Selenium+chromedriver模拟浏览器行为获取数据。

方式	优点	缺点
分析接口	直接可以请求到数据。不需要做一些解析工作。代码量少，性能高。	分析接口比较复杂，特别是一些通过js混淆的接口，要有一定的js功底。容易被发现是爬虫。
selenium	直接模拟浏览器的行为。浏览器能请求到的，使用selenium也能请求到。爬虫更稳定。	代码量多。性能低。

1.3 Selenium+chromedriver获取动态数据

　　Selenium相当于是一个机器人。可以模拟人类在浏览器上的一些行为，自动处理浏览器上的一些行为，比如点击，填充数据，删除cookie等。chromedriver是一个驱动Chrome浏览器的驱动程序，使用他才可以驱动浏览器。当然针对不同的浏览器有不同的driver。以下列出了不同浏览器及其对应的driver：

Chrome：https://sites.google.com/a/chromium.org/chromedriver/downloads
Firefox：https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases
Edge:https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/tools/webdriver/
Safari：https://webkit.org/blog/6900/webdriver-support-in-safari-10/

1.4 安装Selenium和chromedriver

安装Selenium：Selenium有很多语言的版本，有java、ruby、python等。我们下载python版本的就可以了。
pip install selenium
安装chromedriver：下载完成后，放到不需要权限的纯英文目录下就可以了。

1.5 快速入门

　　现在以一个简单的获取百度首页的例子来讲下Selenium和chromedriver如何快速入门：

from selenium import webdriver


# chromedriver的绝对路径
driver_path = r'D:\ProgramApp\chromedriver\chromedriver.exe'


# 初始化一个driver，并且指定chromedriver的路径
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path=driver_path)
# 请求网页
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
# 通过page_source获取网页源代码
print(driver.page_source)

1.6 selenium常用操作

参考：Selenium的使用

1.7 爬取拉钩网职位信息

直接直接分析ajax调用的接口爬取

import requests
from lxml import etree
import time
import re




headers = {
    "Accept":"application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01",
    "Accept-Encoding":"gzip, deflate, br",
    "Accept-Language":"zh-CN,zh;q=0.9",
    "Connection":"keep-alive",
    "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/73.0.3683.86 Safari/537.36",
    "Referer":"https://www.lagou.com/jobs/list_python?labelWords=&fromSearch=true&suginput=",
    "Origin":"https://www.lagou.com",
    "Host":"www.lagou.com",
    "Content-Type":"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",
    "Cookie":"_ga=GA1.2.1602115737.1553064534; user_trace_token=20190320144853-39b1375a-4adc-11e9-a253-525400f775ce; LGUID=20190320144853-39b13f88-4adc-11e9-a253-525400f775ce; WEBTJ-ID=20190408120043-169fb1afd63488-06179b118ca307-7a1437-2073600-169fb1afd648ed; _gid=GA1.2.1826141825.1554696044; sensorsdata2015jssdkcross=%7B%22distinct_id%22%3A%22169fb1bb2c41ea-04951e55adc96a-7a1437-2073600-169fb1bb2c58d0%22%2C%22%24device_id%22%3A%22169fb1bb2c41ea-04951e55adc96a-7a1437-2073600-169fb1bb2c58d0%22%7D; sajssdk_2015_cross_new_user=1; _putrc=4C5D2603888320CA; JSESSIONID=ABAAABAAADEAAFIB00F5DDE71D51610901CB9E0031812BA; login=true; unick=%E4%BC%8D%E6%99%93%E4%B8%BD; showExpriedIndex=1; showExpriedCompanyHome=1; showExpriedMyPublish=1; hasDeliver=49; gate_login_token=7b04a40da89145a1fbc90a3d719616d28c8b0a303344ac37; index_location_city=%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD; X_MIDDLE_TOKEN=1221e6b5040722dc86f5ceb557e11965; _gat=1; LGSID=20190408151935-a9976fbf-59ce-11e9-8cc8-5254005c3644; PRE_UTM=m_cf_cpc_baidu_pc; PRE_HOST=www.baidu.com; PRE_SITE=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2Fbaidu.php%3Fsc.Ks000001qLT2daZnZWIez3ktR_jhHue3tONZubxU9mivhxeuj-Fxrjg6NnVcKTp-GYJ_YRvrc9_yOJ4uV-IEpfnPazPz7ctjve1qlDokCDfHYo9PV0uDfTmN1OunNUcCRU-sJuR8RZz60PAXzfKybAdvuCxUedbt8aWtTjAdCCuO298TwT8zN1-T5EG3kgkOweg0DHGIbvP55IZbr6.DY_NR2Ar5Od663rj6tJQrGvKD7ZZKNfYYmcgpIQC8xxKfYt_U_DY2yP5Qjo4mTT5QX1BsT8rZoG4XL6mEukmryZZjzsLTJplePXO-8zNqrw5Q9tSMj_qTr1x9tqvZul3xg1sSxW9qx-9LdoDkY4QPSl81_4pqO24rM-8dQjPakb3dS5iC0.U1Yk0ZDqs2v4VnL30ZKGm1Yk0Zfqs2v4VnL30A-V5HcsP0KM5gK1n6KdpHdBmy-bIykV0ZKGujYzr0KWpyfqnWcv0AdY5HDsnHIxnH0krNtknjc1g1nsnHNxn1msnfKopHYs0ZFY5HDLn6K-pyfq0AFG5HcsP0KVm1Y3nHDYP1fsrjuxnH0snNtkg1Dsn-ts0Z7spyfqn0Kkmv-b5H00ThIYmyTqn0K9mWYsg100ugFM5H00TZ0qPWm1PHm1rj640A4vTjYsQW0snj0snj0s0AdYTjYs0AwbUL0qn0KzpWYs0Aw-IWdsmsKhIjYs0ZKC5H00ULnqn0KBI1Ykn0K8IjYs0ZPl5fK9TdqGuAnqTZnVUhC0IZN15Hnkn1fknHT4P1DvPHR1PW61P100ThNkIjYkPHRYP10LrHTkPjTY0ZPGujd9rAwBmhuWrj0snjDzrj0Y0AP1UHYsPbm3wWTsrH0srjwarDcz0A7W5HD0TA3qn0KkUgfqn0KkUgnqn0KlIjYs0AdWgvuzUvYqn7tsg1Kxn7ts0Aw9UMNBuNqsUA78pyw15HKxn7tsg1nkrjm4nNts0ZK9I7qhUA7M5H00uAPGujYknjT1P1fkrjcY0ANYpyfqQHD0mgPsmvnqn0KdTA-8mvnqn0KkUymqn0KhmLNY5H00uMGC5H00uh7Y5H00XMK_Ignqn0K9uAu_myTqnfK_uhnqn0KEIjYs0AqzTZfqnanscznsc100mLFW5HRdPj0Y%26word%3D%25E6%258B%2589%25E5%258B%25BE%25E7%25BD%2591%26ck%3D1701.10.72.227.558.354.602.254%26shh%3Dwww.baidu.com%26sht%3D62095104_19_oem_dg%26us%3D1.0.1.0.1.301.0%26bc%3D110101; PRE_LAND=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lagou.com%2Flp%2Fhtml%2Fcommon.html%3Futm_source%3Dm_cf_cpc_baidu_pc%26m_kw%3Dbaidu_cpc_cd_e110f9_d2162e_%25E6%258B%2589%25E5%258B%25BE%25E7%25BD%2591; Hm_lvt_4233e74dff0ae5bd0a3d81c6ccf756e6=1553064535,1554696044,1554707975; TG-TRACK-CODE=index_search; SEARCH_ID=16b25888bc6f489f981996ef505d6930; X_HTTP_TOKEN=3704e5535eab672a10080745514b2c7fac0430c282; Hm_lpvt_4233e74dff0ae5bd0a3d81c6ccf756e6=1554708001; LGRID=20190408152002-b9743b5b-59ce-11e9-9a84-525400f775ce",
    "X-Anit-Forge-Code":"0" ,
    "X-Anit-Forge-Token":'',
    "X-Requested-With":'XMLHttpRequest'
}


def get_detail_page_url():
    datas =[]
    url = 'https://www.lagou.com/jobs/positionAjax.json'
    form_data = {
        "first":"faise",
        "pn":1,
        "kd":"python"
    }
    params = {
        'city':'成都',
        'needAddtionalResult':'false'
    }
    for pn in range(1,14):
        form_data['pn'] = pn
        response = requests.request(method='post',url=url,headers=headers,params = params,data = form_data)
        result = response.json()
        result_list = result['content']['positionResult']['result']
        for position in result_list:
            position_id = position['positionId']
            detail_url = 'https://www.lagou.com/jobs/%s.html'%position_id
            data = parse_detail_page(detail_url)
            datas.append(data)
            time.sleep(2)
    return datas


def parse_detail_page(url):
    resonse = requests.request(method='get',url=url,headers = headers)
    text = resonse.text
    html = etree.fromstring(text,parser=etree.HTMLParser())
    position_name = html.xpath('//span[@class="name"]/text()')[0].strip()
    detail_list = html.xpath('//dd[@class="job_request"]//span')
    salary = detail_list[0].xpath('text()')[0].strip()
    city = detail_list[1].xpath('text()')[0].strip()
    city = re.sub(r'[\s/]','',city)
    work_years = detail_list[2].xpath('text()')[0].strip()
    work_years = re.sub(r'[\s/]','',work_years)
    education = detail_list[3].xpath('text()')[0].strip()
    education = re.sub(r'[\s/]','',education)
    job_details = ''.join(html.xpath('//div[@class="job-detail"]//p//text()'))
    data = {
       "position_name":position_name,
        "salay":salary,
        "city":city,
        "work_years":work_years,
        "education":education,
        "job_details":job_details


    }
    return data






def main():
    datas = get_detail_page_url()
    print(datas)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

selenium结合lxml爬取

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By


from lxml import etree
import re
import time


class Lagouspider(object):
    driver_path = r'E:\study\chromedriver\chromedriver.exe'
    def __init__(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path=Lagouspider.driver_path)
        self.url = 'https://www.lagou.com/jobs/list_python?labelWords=&fromSearch=true&suginput='
        self.positions = []


    def run(self):
        while True:
            self.driver.get(self.url)
            source = self.driver.page_source
            WebDriverWait(driver=self.driver,timeout=10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH,'//div[@class="pager_container"]/span[last()]')))
            self.parse_list_page(source)
            next_btn = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath('//div[@class="pager_container"]/span[last()]')
            if "pager_next_disabled"  in next_btn.get_attribute('class'):
                break
            else:
                next_btn.click()
            time.sleep(1)


    def parse_list_page(self,source):
        html = etree.HTML(source)
        links = html.xpath('//a[@class="position_link"]/@href')
        for link in links:
            self.request_detail_page(link)
            time.sleep(1)


    def request_detail_page(self,url):
        self.driver.execute_script("window.open('%s')"%url)
        self.driver.switch_to.window(self.driver.window_handles[1])
        WebDriverWait(self.driver,timeout=10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH,'//span[@class="name"]')))
        source = self.driver.page_source
        self.parse_detail_page(source)
        #关闭当前详情页
        self.driver.close()
        #切换回职位列表页
        self.driver.switch_to.window(self.driver.window_handles[0])


    def parse_detail_page(self,source):
        html = etree.HTML(source)
        position_name = html.xpath('//span[@class="name"]/text()')[0].strip()
        detail_list = html.xpath('//dd[@class="job_request"]//span')
        salary = detail_list[0].xpath('text()')[0].strip()
        city = detail_list[1].xpath('text()')[0].strip()
        city = re.sub(r'[\s/]', '', city)
        work_years = detail_list[2].xpath('text()')[0].strip()
        work_years = re.sub(r'[\s/]', '', work_years)
        education = detail_list[3].xpath('text()')[0].strip()
        education = re.sub(r'[\s/]', '', education)
        desc = ''.join(html.xpath('//dd[@class="job_bt"]//text()')).strip()
        data = {
            "name": position_name,
            "salay": salary,
            "city": city,
            "work_years": work_years,
            "education": education,
            "desc": desc
        }
        print(data)
        print('+'*40)
        self.positions.append(data)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    spider = Lagouspider()
    spider.run()

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